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The Finale of the Grand Review Section I: 1870-1918 **A. Age of Optimism:** 1. Material Base: Great wealth, world domination, reform and democratic movements, industrial growth, science and technology. 2. Nonmaterial Base: national consciousness, ideals of democracy, art and literature **B. Age of Omens: How each contributed to World War I** 1. Alliances: The alliances made contributed to World War I because it caused an imbalance of powers in Europe. As more alliances were made, countries began to fear other countries. Also, it brought more countries into the war. 2. Imperialism: Imperialism caused competition for overseas colonies particularly between Germany and Great Britain. Traditionalists sought to maintain their cultural traditions, but modernizers believed that the adoption of Western ways would enable them to reform their societies and eventually challenge Western rule. 3. Militarism: Militarism involved more than just large armies. As armies grew, so did the influence of military leaders, who drew up vast and complex plans for quickly mobilizing millions of men and enormous quantities of supplies in the event of war. Fearful that changes in these plans would cause chaos in the armed forces; military leaders insisted that their plans could not alter. In the crises during the summer of 1914, the generals’ lack of flexibility forced European political leaders to make decisions for military instead of political reasons. 4. Industrialism: The kind of traditional entrepreneurs that created the Industrial Revolution was declining and was being replaced by new businesses. With the building of the railroad, trade increased. With this trade increase competition throughout Europe and Africa increased. 5. Nationalism: Nationalism was an even more powerful ideology for change in the nineteenth century. Nationalism did not become a popular force until the French Revolution. Because many European states were multinational, conservatives tried hard to repress the radical threat of nationalism. Each nation-state regarded itself as sovereign, subject to no higher interest or authority. Each state was motivated by its own self-interest and success. **C. Major wars fought by Europeans from 1850 to the outbreak of World War I** - Crimean War (1854-56). Russia vs. Turkey + Britain + France

- Austro-Sardinian War (1859). Sardinia + France vs. Austria - Second War of Schleswig (1864). Prussia + Austria vs. Denmark

- Austro-Prussian War (1866). Prussia (and allies) vs. Austria (and allies)

- Franco-Prussian War (1870-71). Prussia and other German states vs. France

- Russo-Turkish War (1877-78). Russia (and Balkan rebels) vs. Turkey

- Balkan Wars (1912-13) Involved the Balkans, Turkey and all small indepent countries of the region. Alliances shifted

1. Economic: Need for natural resources, desire to expand markets, desire to invest new profits 2. Political: Bases needed for merchant and naval vessels, national security, centrally governed nation-state 3. Social: Desire to spread Christianity; desire to share Western Civilizations, belief in Social Darwinism, increased European self-confidence 4. Defense: Defense of homeland and goods, mutual defense allies 5. Nationalism: the nationalism of the various countries throughout Europe contributed not only to the beginning but the extension of the war in Europe. Each country tried to prove their dominance and power. 1. China: “open door” policy: one country would not restrict the commerce of the other countries 2. Africa: Western Imperialism 3. Latin America: American Imperialism 4. Ottoman Empire: Modernized European Imperialism 1. Revisionist Marxism: A sever challenge to orthodox Marxism position. Most prominent revisionist was Eduard Bernstein, a member of the German Social Democratic Party. He challenged Marxism with is book //Evolutionary Socialism//. He discarded Marx’s emphasis on class struggle and revolution. 2. Social Darwinism: the application of Darwin’s principle of organic evolution to the social order; led to the belief that progress comes from the struggle for survival as the fittest advance and the weak decline. 3. Second Industrial Revolution and Corporate Growth: The stunning material period of growth in Europe after 1871. Gave rise to steel, chemicals, electricity and petroleum which led way to new industrial frontiers. 4. Freud: One of the intellectual giants of the nineteenth century. His belief that unconscious forces strongly determine human behavior formed the foundation for the twentieth century psychoanalysis. 5. Jung: A disciple of Freud. Came to believe that Freud’s theories were too narrow and based on Freud’s own personal bias. He viewed unconscious as a two-fold- a personal conscious and a collective conscious. 6. Einstein: A German-born patent officer working in Switzerland. He pushed new theories of thermodynamics into new terrain. He eventually developed the formula e=mc2.
 * D. Causes of New Imperialism**
 * E. Imperialism at Work: what style of imperialism was used in each area?**
 * F. Terms:**

Many factors went into the outbreak of World War I. The main factors were nationalism, imperialism and militarism. All these things built up throughout the end of the 17th Century until 1914. The immediate cause of WWI was the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinad and his wife Sophia.
 * G.** **Causes of World War I:**
 * H. Results of World War I:**
 * **Results** || **England** || **France** || **Germany** || **Russia** || **America** ||
 * **Political** || Labour Party surged ahead of the Liberals as the second most powerful party in Britain after the Conservatives || France became the strongest power on the European continent, The Cartel of the Left was a coalition government formed by two Rench leftist parties, the Radicals and the Socialists || A small rightist party known as the Nazis led by an obscure Austrian named Adolf Hitler seized power || Nearly all communist || The first New Deal created a variety of agencies designed to bring relief, recovery and reform. Other efforts of Roosevelt’s administration were also put to effect. ||
 * **Economic** || Painful readjustment and economic difficulties, lost many markets for industrial products || France began to feel the full effects of the Great Depression. || Most affected by the Great Depression. Dealt with this after the economic hardships of the aftermath of World War I || Successful in coping with the Great Depression || After Germany, no Western nation was more affected by the Great Depression than the United States. ||
 * **Social** || Superficial prosperity which led to the Great Depression || The first Popular Front government was formed in June 1936 and was a coalition of the Socialists and Radicals || Due to the failure of Weimar Germany, Adolf Hitler and his Nazi power emerged || Government greatly expanded social services || The New Deal provided social reform measures that perhaps averted the possibility of social revolution in the United States. ||