Renaissance+through+Napoleon,+Part+1

=
Versailles: This is a small village in France near Paris. Louis XIV, the Sun King, had the palace there built and that is what the town is most famous for. However, the Treaty of Versailles after WWI also took place there. =====

=
Florence: Florence was important in the Renaissance, mainly due to the fact that the Medici family, a wealthy patron of the arts, lived there and gave large amounts of money to the artists. The Medici’s also controlled the Medici Bank, which was Europe’s largest bank at the time. =====

=
Vienna: There were many treaties that took place in Vienna. In 1731 the second treaty of Vienna took place. It was here that Britain guaranteed Maria Theresa's succession to the Habsburg dominions while the Emperor Charles VI agreed to wind up the Ostend Company, a competitor to the East India Company. In the 1866 Treaty, the Austrian Empire had to cede venetia to the French Empire. In turn, France ceded it to Italy. In 1725 another treaty took place, between Charles VI of Austria and Philip V of Spain. The pragmatic sanction of the Habsburgs was declared, and the Austrian empire had to relinquish all claims it had to the Spanish throne. Austria also said that they would aid Spain in retaking Gibralter from the English.=====

=
Utrecht: The Treaty of Utrecht, which established the Peace of Utrecht, took place here. In the provisions of the treaty, Louis XIV's grandson Philip was recognized as Philip V, King of Spain. However, Philip renounced any claim to the French throne for himself and his descendants. Similarly, French princelings, including Louis XIV’s grandson Duke of Berry and the Duke of Orléans , renounced any claim to the Spanish throne. Also, Spain's European empire was also divided. Savoy received Sicily  and parts of Milan. Charles VI received the Spanish Netherlands , Naples, Sardinia  , and most of Milan. Portugal had its sovereignty recognized over the lands between the Amazon and Oyapock  rivers, in Brazil. In addition, Spain ceded Gibraltar and Minorca  to Great Britain, and also agreed to give to the British the Asiento  .=====

=
Aix-La-Chapelle: There were three congresses here; one in 1668, one in 1748, and one in 1818. In the first congress, the Triple Alliance of England, Sweden, and the United Provinces forced France to abandon the war against the Spanish Netherlands. In the second congress, the purpose was to end the War to Austrian Succession. Some of the agreements in the treaty included restitution of conquests, including Cape Breton Island to France, Madras  to England and the barrier towns  to the Dutch; the assignment to <span class="wiki_link_ext">Don Philip  of the duchies of <span class="wiki_link_ext">Parma , <span class="wiki_link_ext">Piacenza  and <span class="wiki_link_ext">Guastalla  ; the restoration of the Duke of Modena and the republic of Genoa to their former positions; the renewal in favor of Great Britain of the <span class="wiki_link_ext">Asiento contract  of 1713; & of the right to send an annual vessel to the Spanish <span class="wiki_link_ext">colonies. Also, the recognition of the emperor Francis and the confirmation of the pragmatic sanction, i.e. of the right of Maria Theresa to the <span class="wiki_link_ext">Habsburg succession, and the guarantee to <span class="wiki_link_ext">Prussia  of the duchy of <span class="wiki_link_ext">Silesia  and the county of <span class="wiki_link_ext">Glatz. The third congress was between the four allied powers of Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia. The main reason for the meeting was to decide whether or not to pull troops out of France. =====

Waterloo: Waterloo is important because it was the last battle of the Napoleonic Wars, and led to Napoleons exile at St. Helena.
Mercantilism: The economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism Laissez-faire: A policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering Heliocentric theory: the astronomical theory that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun and that the Sun is stationary and at the center of the universe. Created by Copernicus. Secularism: the concept that government or other entities should exist separately from religion and/or religious beliefs. Politique: Politique rulers cared more about citizens simply obeying the laws and not of what religion they were. Divine right: The doctrine that monarchs have a God-given right to rule, that they are answerable only to God, and that rebellion against them is a sin Enlightened despotism: form of <span class="wiki_link_ext">absolute monarchy or <span class="wiki_link_ext">despotism in which rulers were influenced by the <span class="wiki_link_ext">Enlightenment. Enlightened monarchs embraced the principles of the Enlightenment, especially its emphasis upon <span class="wiki_link_ext">rationality, and applied them to their territories. They tended to allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and the press, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education. Enlightened absolutists' beliefs about royal power were often similar to those of absolute monarchs, in that many believed that they had the right to govern by birth and generally refused to grant <span class="wiki_link_ext">constitutions, seeing even the most pro-monarchy ones as being an inherent check on their power. The difference between an <span class="wiki_link_ext">absolutist and an enlightened absolutist is based on a broad analysis of how far they embraced Enlightenment. Social contract: An implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection. Theories of a //social contract// became popular in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries among theorists such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as a means of explaining the origin of government and the obligations of subjects. Natural law: Law whose content is set by nature and therefore is universal. Thomas Hobbes was the philosopher that focused on Natural Law. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: The national motto of France. Said to be originated during the French Revolution. Tennis Court Oath: The Oath signified the first time that French citizens formally stood in opposition to Louis XVI, and the National Assembly's refusal to back down forced the king to make concessions. The Oath also inspired a wide variety of revolutionary activity in the months afterwards, ranging from <span class="wiki_link_ext">rioting across the French countryside to renewed calls for a written French constitution. Likewise, it reinforced the Assembly's strength and forced the King to formally request that voting occur based on head, not order. The Oath also communicated in unambiguous fashion the idea that the deputies of the National Assembly were declaring themselves the supreme state power. From this point forward, Louis XVI would find the Crown increasingly unable to rest upon monarchical traditions of <span class="wiki_link_ext">divine right. In terms of his political sympathies, Louis XVI was noticeably more liberal than any of his predecessors or immediate family. However, given personal circumstances and the death of his son, he had badly mismanaged the mood of the Assembly. Bill of Rights: A statement of fundamental rights and privileges. Ninety-Five Theses: Written by Martin Luther in 1517, these Theses were about the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences, especially in the Catholic Church. They were the main reason for the Protestant Reformation. Edict of Nantes: The law granting religious and civil liberties to the French Protestants, put into place by by Henry IV in 1598 and revoked by Louis XIV in 1685. Long Parliament: The English Parliament that sat from November 1640 to March 1653, was restored for a short time in 1659, and finally voted its own dissolution in 1660. It was summoned by Charles I and sat through the English Civil War and on into the interregnum that followed. Fronde: A series of civil wars in France 1648–53, in which the nobles rose in rebellion against Cardinal Mazarin and the court during the minority of Louis XIV. However, the nobles were not successful in curbing the power of the monarchy. Declaration of the Rights of Man: Document of the <span class="wiki_link_ext">French Revolution, defining the individual and collective rights of all the <span class="wiki_link_ext">estates of the realm as universal. Influenced by the doctrine of <span class="wiki_link_ext">natural right, the rights of man are <span class="wiki_link_ext">universal : valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to <span class="wiki_link_ext">human nature itself. The concepts in the Declaration come from the philosophical and political principles of the <span class="wiki_link_ext">Age of Enlightenment, such as <span class="wiki_link_ext">individualism , the <span class="wiki_link_ext">social contract as theorized by the French philosopher <span class="wiki_link_ext">Rousseau , and the <span class="wiki_link_ext">separation of powers espoused by the <span class="wiki_link_ext">Baron de Montesquieu. The French declaration is heavily influenced by the political philosophy of the Enlightenment. Concordat of 1801: The Concordat of 1801 is a reflection of an agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII that reaffirmed the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and restored most of its civil status. Diplomatic system: Can’t find anything on it? Continental System: The Continental System was the foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland during the Napoleonic Wars. It was a large-scale embargo against British trade, inaugurated on November 21, 1806. France instituted this system in an effort to stop British exports and destroy British industry. The system closed European ports to British ships and ordered the seizure of any neutral ship that carried British goods or stopped at a British port.